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Australia,Cambodia,China,India - Andaman and Nicobar Islands,India - mainland,Indonesia,Laos,Malaysia,Myanmar,Papua New Guinea, Philippines,Singapore,Solomon Islands,Thailand,Vietnam,
IOC 13.1 Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
andamanicus
Andaman Is.
infrenatus
Tukangbesi and other islands off se Sulawesi
robustirostris
Banggai and Sula Is. (e of Sulawesi)
teysmanni
Flores Sea is. s of Sulawesi
frenatus
Morotai to Obi (n Moluccas), New Guinea (except n) and satellites (except Trobriand, Woodlark and Louisiade is., se of se New Guinea), Aru Is. (sw of New Guinea) and ne QLD (far ne Australia)
buruensis
Buru (wc Moluccas)
clementiae
Boano (nw of Seram), Ambon, Seram (ec Moluccas) and Watubela (s Moluccas)
keiensis
Kai Is. (se Moluccas)
idenburgi
Mamberamo, Sepik and Ramu basins, n New Guinea
plateni
Talaud Is. (ne of Sulawesi), Sulawesi and satellites
woodi
Sulu Arch. (s Philippines)
jugularis
c, s Luzon group, Mindoro, Visayas and Mindanao group (n to s Philippines)
proselius
n Nicobar Is.
klossi
c, s Nicobar Is.
rhizophorae
s, se China including Hainan, and n Vietnam
flammaxillaris
Myanmar, Thailand, c, s Indochina and n Malay Pen.
ornatus
c, s Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali and Lesser Sundas (except Sumba and Timor)
polyclystus
Enggano (w of s Sumatra)
aurora
Palawan group (sw Philippines)
obscurior
n Luzon and Babuyan Is. (n Philippines)
flavigastra
Bismarck Arch. including Ninigo and Hermit is., and n, sc Solomon Is. to Guadalcanal and Malaita
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
PAL
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)