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Austria,Belarus,Canada,China,Czech Republic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,Hungary,Japan, Kazakhstan,Latvia,Lithuania,Mongolia,Netherlands,North Korea,Norway,Poland,Russia,Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Ukraine,United States - Alaska,United States - mainland,
IOU 7.1 Subspecies
Group
Subspecies
Breeding Range
enucleator
Scandinavia to c Siberia
kamtschatkensis
ne Siberia
sakhalinensis
Sakhalin and Kuril Is., n Japan
flammula
coastal s Alaska and w Canada
carlottae
Queen Charlotte Is. (off w Canada)
montana
inland sw Canada to wc USA
californica
e California
leucura
inland w, c Alaska to e Canada and n New England (USA)
Africa (entire continent rather than south of Sahara)
AN
Antarctica
AO
Atlantic Ocean
AU
Australasia (Wallacea (Indonesian islands east of Wallace's line), New Guinea and its islands, Australia, New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, the Solomons, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu)
EU
Eurasia (Europe, Asia from the Middle East through central Asia north of the Himalayas, Siberia and northern China to Japan)
IO
Indian Ocean
LA
Latin America (Middle and South America)
MA
Middle America (Mexico through Panama)
NA
North America (includes the Caribbean)
NO
Northern oceans
OR
Oriental Region (South Asia from Pakistan to Taiwan, plus Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Greater Sundas)
